{"id":6392,"date":"2020-06-11T13:20:15","date_gmt":"2020-06-11T11:20:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/?p=6392"},"modified":"2020-06-24T00:22:45","modified_gmt":"2020-06-23T22:22:45","slug":"tieng-viet-bao-ve-trat-tu-dua-tren-quy-tac-tai-bien-dong-thach-thuc-day-ray-va-mo-neo-quy-gia-ky-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/2020\/06\/11\/tieng-viet-bao-ve-trat-tu-dua-tren-quy-tac-tai-bien-dong-thach-thuc-day-ray-va-mo-neo-quy-gia-ky-1\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng – Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby v\u00e0 ‘m\u1ecf neo’ qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 (K\u1ef3 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trang m\u1ea1ng www.lawfareblog.com m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Jonathan G. Odom nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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\u201c\u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y l\u1ed9n: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ee9t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean gi\u00e1, ho\u1eb7c cho v\u00e0o kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u Ch\u1ea5n D\u00e2n, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 7\/2016 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh.<\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt Bi\u1ec3n (UNCLOS) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, g\u1ed3m 501 trang v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa Philippines v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, Philippines \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb 3 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNCLOS.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd coi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201d. L\u01b0u Ch\u1ea5n D\u00e2n \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2013 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa: \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1edbi r\u00e1c r\u01b0\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

Sau ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a UNCLOS \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Trung Qu\u1ed1c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngay sau khi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, Philippines tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cQuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 UNCLOS 1982\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Australia \u201ck\u00eau g\u1ecdi Philippines v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean\u201d.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201cph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, c\u00e1c b\u00ean trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau khi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Canada mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cmang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u201cD\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec Canada tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan n\u00ean tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Pakistan v\u00e0 Nga, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i giao mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a phe \u0111a s\u1ed1 im l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ngoan c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong 4 n\u0103m qua, Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1edbt l\u1edd v\u00e0 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft. T\u1ec7 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c b\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung trong ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u00e1ng 1\/2020, t\u00e0u H\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Indonesia g\u1ea7n khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3o Natuna kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Indonesia.<\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Indonesia ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n v\u1edbi m\u1ecfm c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 9 \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y tai ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft (\u0111o\u1ea1n 278) r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 9 \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c theo UNCLOS.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i theo c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Philippines, m\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1203).<\/p>\n

M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4\/2020, B\u1ed9 D\u00e2n ch\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a 25 \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 b\u00e3i c\u1ea1n tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f9ng 55 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ecm n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i, cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 UNCLOS (\u0110i\u1ec1u 60) nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i (trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 305-306).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2013 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nhau, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tham gia UNCLOS, c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc hay kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng “\u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd” c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tham gia UNCLOS, c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i trong th\u1ef1c thi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u0103m 2016 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed hung h\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi tr\u00ean? V\u00e0 – \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u2013 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc?<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng, khi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e3n h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ebfm khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 khi h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y hay l\u00fac kh\u00e1c \u2013 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u01b0a nay v\u1eabn ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 to l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh leo thang, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ea3 \u201cc\u00e2u ch\u1eef v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kia \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t “m\u1ecf neo” trong duy tr\u00ec lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng t\u1edbi, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o vi ph\u1ea1m. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6\/2020, 167 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean UNCLOS d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd tham d\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 30, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i mang t\u00ednh th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ea7u ra 1\/3 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n (ITLOS) cho nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 9 n\u0103m s\u1eafp t\u1edbi \u2013 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 trong c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c VII, \u0110i\u1ec1u 4), di\u1ec5n ra ba n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ITLOS.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 7 gh\u1ebf th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n cho ITLOS, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 10 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Italy, Jamaica, Malta, Ukraine, Uruguay v\u00e0 Zimbabwe. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed \u0110o\u00e0n Khi\u1ebft Long, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Hungary.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n s\u1eafp t\u1edbi cho ITLOS \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. 167 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf: kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean do Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ITLOS \u2013 v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho 7 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mong mu\u1ed1n. B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o ITLOS l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n\u201d, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3: \u201cH\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia-d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1eedi \u0111i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean n\u0103m 2020, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u01a1n \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n ITLOS, do h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, trong khi ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Khi\u1ebft Long cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi g\u00e1c sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNCLOS ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau: Li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 9 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNCLOS c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ITLOS) hay kh\u00f4ng, x\u00e9t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng k\u00edch tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n kh\u00e1c (T\u00f2a Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i), v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn?<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 T\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t ba c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy t\u1eafc trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t,<\/em>\u00a0t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i th\u1ee5 l\u00fd v\u00e0 ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, UNCLOS \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 4 t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p theo c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc: T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ICJ), ITLOS, \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a UNCLOS v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (\u0110i\u1ec1u 287 (1)).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa 4 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u01b0 nhau trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p theo c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. M\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u201cch\u1ecdn\u201d 1 trong 3 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng UNCLOS (\u0110i\u1ec1u 287 (1)). N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p li\u00ean quan, th\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 \u201ccoi nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed\u201d theo ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c UNCLOS (\u0110i\u1ec1u 287 (13)).<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/em>, t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u201c\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trong v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady, trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc cho ph\u00e9p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00f2a ph\u00e2n x\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u ghi r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 trao cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e2n x\u1eed quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p theo UNCLOS, c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u201cTrong tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 288 (4)).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i\u201d bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ICJ v\u00e0 ITLOS m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a ph\u00e2n x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 T\u00f2a Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Sau khi T\u00f2a Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch T\u00f2a Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u201cx\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 chung v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a UNCLOS l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eeba b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u1eeba b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ecbu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a UNCLOS, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a ph\u00e2n x\u1eed c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p coi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean UNCLOS kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc tin r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba,<\/em>\u00a0theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cB\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed theo m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5p tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 296 9(1)). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u201d quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ef3\u201d quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf hay c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed theo m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i. Ngay sau khi t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft d\u00e0i 501 trang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do t\u00f2a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n

(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c Trung t\u00e2m George C. Marshall v\u1ec1 an ninh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1i Garmisch-Partenkirchen (\u0110\u1ee9c). \u00d4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 an ninh h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u An ninh Ch\u00e2u \u00c1-Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Daniel K. Inouye.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n

Aufrufe: 817<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trang m\u1ea1ng www.lawfareblog.com m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Jonathan G. Odom nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y l\u1ed9n: …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,41,40],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6392"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6392"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6396,"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6392\/revisions\/6396"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}