{"id":7093,"date":"2020-08-31T21:49:46","date_gmt":"2020-08-31T19:49:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/east-sea.de\/?p=7093"},"modified":"2020-09-05T22:17:27","modified_gmt":"2020-09-05T20:17:27","slug":"tieng-viet-cac-nuoc-co-chinh-sach-bien-nhu-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/2020\/08\/31\/tieng-viet-cac-nuoc-co-chinh-sach-bien-nhu-the-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft khai th\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: Anh, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, H\u00e0 Lan, Nga, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, M\u1ef9 v.v\u2026<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m ti\u1ebfn ra bi\u1ec3n, bi\u1ebft khai th\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn nhanh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

1. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 9.600.000 km2<\/sup> nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ven bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i 18.000 km. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1eebng thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng<\/em> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc. Tuy v\u1eady, do Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf mang b\u1edd c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 tranh gi\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia trong khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u01b0: v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia trong khu v\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0<\/em>, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c gia. Hai l\u00e0<\/em>, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng nhanh, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1eb7t ra bu\u1ed9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd mang nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 <\/em>21<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tranh gi\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3<\/em>, bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>. Ba l\u00e0, <\/em>Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean. <\/a>B\u1ed1n l\u00e0, <\/em>ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u0169, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham gia khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, mua t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay v.v\u2026, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i 18 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3\/2013, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng xanh<\/em> mang h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra bi\u1ec3n, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u2013 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb che ch\u1eafn \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1edfi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0i Loan ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng Nam \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 39 tuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh n\u1ed1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00f3 29 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, 60% h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i qua Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng 35 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n li\u00ean doanh d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Nga. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho ph\u00e9p Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ven bi\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1987, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1989, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1984, Trung Qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam 14 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 20% \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1985, \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam \u1edf ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 200 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Nam l\u00e0 27 tri\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, du l\u1ecbch, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103m 1995, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t 220 t\u1ef7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec7, n\u0103m 1996, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb 11 \u0111\u1ebfn 15% cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000.<\/a> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1995 l\u00e0 22% cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia,<\/a> Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao v\u00e0o GDP c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1000 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kho\u1ea3ng 30.000 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ea1 M\u00f4n, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Kim M\u00f4n do \u0110\u00e0i Loan n\u1eafm gi\u1eef, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong 4 \u0110\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1979. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn coi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n<\/em>.<\/em>[5]<\/a> C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng \u1edf H\u1ea3i Nam cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1996<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd bi\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m C\u01a1 quan H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c gia (SOA) c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh, c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1992 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 L\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p, Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf, Lu\u1eadt M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt Bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u0103m 1982.<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c H\u1ea1 M\u00f4n v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng gi\u1eefa kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng. Theo th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n C\u01a1 quan H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eeba cho ra \u0111\u1eddi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2030. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1eb9p kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t theo th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t 50% \u2013 60% t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2020. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh 11 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng Sa v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1 trong v\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2000. Hai Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng cho hai qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong v\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn V\u00e0nh \u0111ai, Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> v\u00e0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21<\/em>, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi gian v\u1eeba qua c\u00e0ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n ra c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n trong khu v\u1ef1c, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21.<\/p>\n

1.2. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n; b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 an ninh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua, h\u01b0\u1edbng ra bi\u1ec3n, l\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o, bi\u1ec3n bao quanh b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00ean k\u1ef3 t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1 ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n, c\u1ed1 gi\u00e0nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh gay g\u1eaft trong khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo ki\u1ec3u cu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfu 3 n\u0103m 1 l\u1ea7n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m hai m\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1edf bi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1961, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n gi\u00fap Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n<\/em>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc quan t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0: B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch, khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n 200 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng gian sinh t\u1ed3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay, l\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111i s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p k\u1ef7 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c th\u0103m d\u00f2 khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 50 \u2013 70% d\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 45% h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i qua Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cho r\u1eb1ng khu v\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh cho c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n trong Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trong khu v\u1ef1c, tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u0103m d\u00f2, khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cam k\u1ebft ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 chung \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3ng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ven b\u1edd d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 7 n\u0103m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia, Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

1.3. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi 12.347.654 km2<\/sup> nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ven bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i 22.748 km d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 4 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 9 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1789, M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00eam nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n bao quanh n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 90% h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 giao l\u01b0u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1edd kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n c\u00e1. Khu v\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 \u2013 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, b\u1edfi: (i). V\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u2013 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. (ii). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i chu chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm 45%, ri\u00eang khu v\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 5.000 t\u1ef7 USD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m th\u00ec 1\/5 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. (iii). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau an ninh quan tr\u1ecdng. Do v\u1eady, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u2013 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sang khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tri\u1ec3n khai s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng: M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, M\u1ef9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do thao t\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ven bi\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, M\u1ef9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n k\u1ebf c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u0103m 1945, M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra hai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba k\u1ebf c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 cho r\u1eb1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1967, M\u1ef9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Khai th\u00e1c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ven bi\u1ec3n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n nay bao g\u1ed3m: An ninh v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1, khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 20 chi\u1ebfc h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1eabu h\u1ea1m, ri\u00eang M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 11 chi\u1ebfc, chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n 1\/2 so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2011. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2000, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 G7 ch\u01b0a ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt Bi\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1982.<\/p>\n

1.4. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Bang Nga<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi v\u1eady trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n Nga lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n, Li\u00ean Bang Nga lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ng\u00e0nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0: B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean bang. Do \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nga tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Nga \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015. Theo \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i; khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng; ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n; ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nga tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nga x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Nga s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh.\u00a0M\u1ed9t l\u00e0,\u00a0khu v\u1ef1c Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, n\u01a1i Nga s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a NATO \u00e1p s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Nga;\u00a0Hai l\u00e0,\u00a0khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, bu\u1ed9c Nga ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia Nga;\u00a0Ba l\u00e0,\u00a0khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 an ninh c\u1ee7a Nga. Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, vi\u1ec7c Nga c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi ngay sau khi M\u1ef9 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c an ninh h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m sang khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ea5y Nga b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n, th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nga l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh ranh gi\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt Bi\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1982.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n, trong th\u1eddi gian qua Nga \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Nga. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Nga l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, Nga c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

1.5. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Canada<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kin t\u1ebf r\u1ed9ng 4,7 tri\u1ec7u km2<\/sup> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Canada \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u0103m d\u00f2 khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, du l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3n, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Canada l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ec3n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9, Canada \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng Canada v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n khung mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Canada, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n cho B\u1ed9 Ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, Canada \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i \u1edf Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng thay v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng theo sau Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: R\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n, trao c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Canada c\u00f2n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7n nay, Canada \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ASEAN (CPMS \u2013 ASEAN). V\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Canada \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1982 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2003. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Canada c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

1.6. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Australia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, Australia \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: T\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m bi\u1ec3n, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c t\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Australia v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i, tr\u1ea1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, Australia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n khung mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Australia nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh bao g\u1ed3m: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 Australia kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea9y nhanh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111em l\u1ea1i doanh thu l\u1edbn cho Australia trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khai kho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 1998 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: M\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o li\u00ean b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c U\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c khu v\u1ef1c, v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ec3n Li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong 10 n\u0103m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Australia.<\/p>\n

2. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n cho th\u1ea5y ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, an ninh, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam tham kh\u1ea3o, ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay:<\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t khung ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y qua c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1eefu quan. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt khung nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> hay Lu\u1eadt C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n<\/em> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

2. Lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia, trong t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n, du l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o v.v\u2026 \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c khu, v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf, Australia t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

3. Lu\u00f4n coi tr\u1ecdng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

4. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u00e1n c\u00e2n gi\u1eefa m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e0ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean. Trong vi\u1ec7c quy ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u0103m 1982.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd bi\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u2013 ICZM \u2013 Integrate Coastal Zone Management, qua c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chung ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

5. \u0110i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i chung mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nga ho\u1eb7c Australia trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ven bi\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

6. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng. Australia \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd bi\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c khai th\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ph\u1ea1m vi khai th\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi khai th\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi trong khu v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nga, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, M\u1ef9. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u201cm\u1edf\u201d ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ai, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn khai th\u00e1c chung ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

BDN\n

Aufrufe: 179<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft khai th\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: Anh, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[97,1,37,38],"tags":[103],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7093"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7093"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7093\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7095,"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7093\/revisions\/7095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/east-sea.de\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}